Brain dynamic neurochemical changes in dystonic patients: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Identifieur interne : 000102 ( France/Analysis ); précédent : 000101; suivant : 000103Brain dynamic neurochemical changes in dystonic patients: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Auteurs : M. Marja Ska [États-Unis] ; S. Lehéricy [France] ; R. Valabregue [France] ; T. Popa [France] ; Y. Worbe [France] ; M. Russo [France] ; E. J. Auerbach [États-Unis] ; D. Grabli [France] ; C. Bonnet [France, République tchèque] ; C. Gallea [France] ; M. Coudert [France] ; L. Yahia-Cherif [France] ; M. Vidailhet [France] ; S. Meunier [France]Source :
- Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2012.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult, Aged, Aspartic Acid (analogs & derivatives), Aspartic Acid (analysis), Aspartic Acid (metabolism), Brain Chemistry (physiology), Data Interpretation, Statistical, Dystonia (metabolism), Energy Metabolism (physiology), Female, Glutamic Acid (metabolism), Glutamine (metabolism), Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Cortex (metabolism), Neostriatum (metabolism), Neural Pathways (metabolism), Somatosensory Cortex (metabolism), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Upper Extremity, Young Adult, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , analogs & derivatives : Aspartic Acid.
- chemical , analysis : Aspartic Acid.
- chemical , metabolism : Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid.
- metabolism : Dystonia, Motor Cortex, Neostriatum, Neural Pathways, Somatosensory Cortex.
- physiology : Brain Chemistry, Energy Metabolism.
- Adult, Aged, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Middle Aged, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Upper Extremity, Young Adult.
Abstract
Measurements of the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the motor cortex and lentiform nucleus of dystonic patients using single voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have yielded conflicting results so far. This study aimed at investigating dynamic changes in metabolite concentrations after stimulation of the motor cortex in patients with upper limb dystonia.
Using single voxel MRS at 3 T, the concentrations of GABA, glutamate plus glutamine, and
At baseline, there was no group difference in concentration of metabolites in any of the regions. rTMS induced a local (in the stimulated motor cortex) decrease of
The stimulation-induced changes in metabolite concentrations are interpreted in the view of the increased energy demand induced by rTMS. Dynamics of the GABA concentration are specifically impaired in dystonic patients. Whether these changes reflect changes in the extra synaptic or synaptic GABA component is discussed.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/mds.25279
PubMed: 23239076
PubMed Central: 4410978
Affiliations:
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Vidailhet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meunier, S" sort="Meunier, S" uniqKey="Meunier S" first="S." last="Meunier">S. 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Marja Ska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Minneapolis</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Neuroradiology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroradiology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valabregue, R" sort="Valabregue, R" uniqKey="Valabregue R" first="R." last="Valabregue">R. Valabregue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Popa, T" sort="Popa, T" uniqKey="Popa T" first="T." last="Popa">T. Popa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worbe, Y" sort="Worbe, Y" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Y." last="Worbe">Y. Worbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Russo, M" sort="Russo, M" uniqKey="Russo M" first="M." last="Russo">M. Russo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Auerbach, E J" sort="Auerbach, E J" uniqKey="Auerbach E" first="E. J." last="Auerbach">E. J. Auerbach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Minneapolis</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabli, D" sort="Grabli, D" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="D." last="Grabli">D. Grabli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, C" sort="Bonnet, C" uniqKey="Bonnet C" first="C." last="Bonnet">C. Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Clinical Research Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Prague</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallea, C" sort="Gallea, C" uniqKey="Gallea C" first="C." last="Gallea">C. Gallea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coudert, M" sort="Coudert, M" uniqKey="Coudert M" first="M." last="Coudert">M. Coudert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Clinical Research Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yahia Cherif, L" sort="Yahia Cherif, L" uniqKey="Yahia Cherif L" first="L." last="Yahia-Cherif">L. Yahia-Cherif</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vidailhet, M" sort="Vidailhet, M" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="M." last="Vidailhet">M. Vidailhet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meunier, S" sort="Meunier, S" uniqKey="Meunier S" first="S." last="Meunier">S. Meunier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de, l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Inserm, U975, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aspartic Acid (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Aspartic Acid (analysis)</term><term>Aspartic Acid (metabolism)</term><term>Brain Chemistry (physiology)</term><term>Data Interpretation, Statistical</term><term>Dystonia (metabolism)</term><term>Energy Metabolism (physiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Glutamic Acid (metabolism)</term><term>Glutamine (metabolism)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</term><term>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Motor Cortex (metabolism)</term><term>Neostriatum (metabolism)</term><term>Neural Pathways (metabolism)</term><term>Somatosensory Cortex (metabolism)</term><term>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</term><term>Upper Extremity</term><term>Young Adult</term><term>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analogs & derivatives" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspartic Acid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspartic Acid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspartic Acid</term><term>Glutamic Acid</term><term>Glutamine</term><term>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Dystonia</term><term>Motor Cortex</term><term>Neostriatum</term><term>Neural Pathways</term><term>Somatosensory Cortex</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Brain Chemistry</term><term>Energy Metabolism</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Data Interpretation, Statistical</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</term><term>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</term><term>Upper Extremity</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="mix" xml:lang="it"><term>NAA</term><term>dystonia</term><term>gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)</term><term>spectroscopy</term><term>transcranial magnetic stimulation</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">Measurements of the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the motor cortex and lentiform nucleus of dystonic patients using single voxel <sup>1</sup>H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have yielded conflicting results so far. This study aimed at investigating dynamic changes in metabolite concentrations after stimulation of the motor cortex in patients with upper limb dystonia.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P2">Using single voxel MRS at 3 T, the concentrations of GABA, glutamate plus glutamine, and <italic>N</italic>-acetylaspartate were measured bilaterally in the primary sensorimotor cortex, lentiform nucleus, and occipital region before and after 5 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the dominant motor cortex. Data obtained from 15 patients with upper limb primary dystonia were compared to data obtained from 14 healthy volunteers.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P3">At baseline, there was no group difference in concentration of metabolites in any of the regions. rTMS induced a local (in the stimulated motor cortex) decrease of <italic>N</italic>-acetylaspartate (p < 0.006) to the same extent in healthy volunteers and patients. GABA concentrations were modulated differently, however, decreasing mildly in patients and increasing mildly in healthy volunteers (p = 0.05). There were no remote effects in the lentiform nucleus in either group.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P4">The stimulation-induced changes in metabolite concentrations are interpreted in the view of the increased energy demand induced by rTMS. Dynamics of the GABA concentration are specifically impaired in dystonic patients. Whether these changes reflect changes in the extra synaptic or synaptic GABA component is discussed.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Bohême centrale</li></region><settlement><li>Paris</li><li>Prague</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Marja Ska, M" sort="Marja Ska, M" uniqKey="Marja Ska M" first="M." last="Marja Ska">M. Marja Ska</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Auerbach, E J" sort="Auerbach, E J" uniqKey="Auerbach E" first="E. J." last="Auerbach">E. J. Auerbach</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bonnet, C" sort="Bonnet, C" uniqKey="Bonnet C" first="C." last="Bonnet">C. Bonnet</name><name sortKey="Bonnet, C" sort="Bonnet, C" uniqKey="Bonnet C" first="C." last="Bonnet">C. Bonnet</name><name sortKey="Bonnet, C" sort="Bonnet, C" uniqKey="Bonnet C" first="C." last="Bonnet">C. Bonnet</name><name sortKey="Coudert, M" sort="Coudert, M" uniqKey="Coudert M" first="M." last="Coudert">M. Coudert</name><name sortKey="Coudert, M" sort="Coudert, M" uniqKey="Coudert M" first="M." last="Coudert">M. Coudert</name><name sortKey="Gallea, C" sort="Gallea, C" uniqKey="Gallea C" first="C." last="Gallea">C. Gallea</name><name sortKey="Grabli, D" sort="Grabli, D" uniqKey="Grabli D" first="D." last="Grabli">D. Grabli</name><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S." last="Lehéricy">S. Lehéricy</name><name sortKey="Meunier, S" sort="Meunier, S" uniqKey="Meunier S" first="S." last="Meunier">S. Meunier</name><name sortKey="Meunier, S" sort="Meunier, S" uniqKey="Meunier S" first="S." last="Meunier">S. Meunier</name><name sortKey="Meunier, S" sort="Meunier, S" uniqKey="Meunier S" first="S." last="Meunier">S. Meunier</name><name sortKey="Meunier, S" sort="Meunier, S" uniqKey="Meunier S" first="S." last="Meunier">S. Meunier</name><name sortKey="Popa, T" sort="Popa, T" uniqKey="Popa T" first="T." last="Popa">T. Popa</name><name sortKey="Popa, T" sort="Popa, T" uniqKey="Popa T" first="T." last="Popa">T. Popa</name><name sortKey="Popa, T" sort="Popa, T" uniqKey="Popa T" first="T." last="Popa">T. Popa</name><name sortKey="Popa, T" sort="Popa, T" uniqKey="Popa T" first="T." last="Popa">T. Popa</name><name sortKey="Popa, T" sort="Popa, T" uniqKey="Popa T" first="T." last="Popa">T. Popa</name><name sortKey="Russo, M" sort="Russo, M" uniqKey="Russo M" first="M." last="Russo">M. Russo</name><name sortKey="Russo, M" sort="Russo, M" uniqKey="Russo M" first="M." last="Russo">M. Russo</name><name sortKey="Russo, M" sort="Russo, M" uniqKey="Russo M" first="M." last="Russo">M. Russo</name><name sortKey="Valabregue, R" sort="Valabregue, R" uniqKey="Valabregue R" first="R." last="Valabregue">R. Valabregue</name><name sortKey="Vidailhet, M" sort="Vidailhet, M" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="M." last="Vidailhet">M. Vidailhet</name><name sortKey="Vidailhet, M" sort="Vidailhet, M" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="M." last="Vidailhet">M. Vidailhet</name><name sortKey="Vidailhet, M" sort="Vidailhet, M" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="M." last="Vidailhet">M. Vidailhet</name><name sortKey="Vidailhet, M" sort="Vidailhet, M" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="M." last="Vidailhet">M. Vidailhet</name><name sortKey="Vidailhet, M" sort="Vidailhet, M" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="M." last="Vidailhet">M. Vidailhet</name><name sortKey="Worbe, Y" sort="Worbe, Y" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Y." last="Worbe">Y. Worbe</name><name sortKey="Worbe, Y" sort="Worbe, Y" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Y." last="Worbe">Y. Worbe</name><name sortKey="Worbe, Y" sort="Worbe, Y" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Y." last="Worbe">Y. Worbe</name><name sortKey="Worbe, Y" sort="Worbe, Y" uniqKey="Worbe Y" first="Y." last="Worbe">Y. Worbe</name><name sortKey="Yahia Cherif, L" sort="Yahia Cherif, L" uniqKey="Yahia Cherif L" first="L." last="Yahia-Cherif">L. Yahia-Cherif</name><name sortKey="Yahia Cherif, L" sort="Yahia Cherif, L" uniqKey="Yahia Cherif L" first="L." last="Yahia-Cherif">L. Yahia-Cherif</name><name sortKey="Yahia Cherif, L" sort="Yahia Cherif, L" uniqKey="Yahia Cherif L" first="L." last="Yahia-Cherif">L. Yahia-Cherif</name><name sortKey="Yahia Cherif, L" sort="Yahia Cherif, L" uniqKey="Yahia Cherif L" first="L." last="Yahia-Cherif">L. Yahia-Cherif</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><region name="Bohême centrale"><name sortKey="Bonnet, C" sort="Bonnet, C" uniqKey="Bonnet C" first="C." last="Bonnet">C. Bonnet</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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